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A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or oyster dredge, is a kind of dredge which is towed along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat in order to collect a targeted edible bottom-dwelling species. The gear is used to fish for scallops, oysters and other species of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber.〔Moore G., Jennings S. & Croxall J. (2000) (''Commercial Fishing: The Wider Ecological Impacts.'' ) British Ecological Society. ISBN 0-632-05608-8. Page 14〕 The dredge is then winched up into the boat and emptied. Dredges are also used in connection with the work of the naturalist in marine biology, notably on the Challenger Expedition. ==Construction== The dredge is usually constructed from a heavy steel frame in the form of a scoop. The frame is covered with chain mesh which is open on the front side, which is towed. The chain mesh functions as a net. Dredges may or may not have teeth along the bottom bar of the frame. In Europe, early dredges had teeth, called tynes, at the bottom. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud, digging up buried clams. This design was improved by using spring-loaded teeth that reduced bottom snagging, and so could be used over rough ground.〔 The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth. Dredge nets have a coarse mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target species through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus. In some cases several dredges are attached to a wheeled rigid axle in groups of three or four. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar, usually one from each side of the vessel. The length of the bar and number of dredges towed depends on the power of the vessel and the room on the side deck for working the dredges. The number might be three on each side on a small boat up to 20 on each side for a vessel with 1500 hp.〔(Dredges ) seafood.org. Retrieved 11 February 2009.〕 The great weight and strength of the gear can disturb the ground it is towed over, overturning rocks and dislodging and crushing organisms in its path.〔 Scallop dredging tends to result in scallops containing grit, and can damage the seabed if done carelessly. So these days scallop dredging is often replaced by scuba diving. Like a better mouse trap, there is still a challenge for inventors to produce a kinder and more gentle scallop dredge.〔MIT (2007) (''Kinder, gentler scallop dredge invented.'' ) Retrieved April 13, 2008.〕 ---- File:Mussel dredgers at Carlingford harbour - geograph.org.uk - 174327.jpg|Mussel dredgers File:N.58, Pascin - Nieuwpoort.jpg|Fishing vessel equipped with a benthic dredge, leaving the port of Nieuwpoort File:PSM V06 D022 Vessels dredging for oysters.jpg|Vessels dredging for oysters, c. 1875 File:Oyster boats, Carrick Roads - geograph.org.uk - 625045.jpg|Oyster boats of the Truro Oyster Fleet. This fishery is the last in the world to work by sail alone File:PSM V06 D020 An oyster dredge at work.jpg|Oyster dredge at work, c.1875 File:Twachtman John Oyster Boats North River.jpg|''Oyster Boats North River,'' by John Henry Twachtman (1853–1902) File:Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob c1902 Childe Hassam.jpg|''Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob,'' by Childe Hassam (c.1902) File:Oysterdredging1.jpg|''Dredging For Oysters'', by Alexander Rummler. WPA mural. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fishing dredge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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